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JOHN DAVIS OF ALLEGHENY CITY PENNSYLVANIA. Letters Patent No.  dated December 24 1867.
IMPROVEMENT IN PLANETARIUMS.
  t 5c tAnit refers to in htst ttitrs iztnt nilb nlnllin part 'of tt onto.
drawings which form part of my specification
Figure 1 sheet A represents a side elevation of my improvement in apparatus. for sliming the axial motion of the sun and the axial and orbital motions of the eight primary planets and also the various motions of the satellites of the planets.
Figure 2 sheet A represents aTront elevation of the same.
Figure 3 sheet A represents a section of a part of the mechanism used for representing the altitude of the moon.
Figure 4 sheet B represents a section of the mechanism used for obtaining the desired motions of the sun planets and satellites.
Figure 5 sheet B is a bottom view of a portion of the mechanism used for imparting motion to Jupiter and his satellites.
Figure 6 sheet B is. a .top view of the same.
Figure 7 sheet B is a section of the same.
Figure 8 sheet C is a section of a portion of the mechanism used for obtaining the desired motions of the sun planets and satellites.
In order that the mechanic may fully and clearly understand my invention I will at first describe and explain the parts represented in figs. 1 2 and 3.
The planets and satellites are placed out on the end of the hollow arms marked C' C3 C3 C} C5 Cs C7 Cs. These arms are secured to a number of hollow shafts marked D' D D3 D' D5 Ds D7 Ds. The wheels marked R P B B' Bs B3 Bs B5 are provided on the under side of the rim 24 with cogs or teeth which gear into teeth on wheels placed on shafts which are placed within the hollow arms C' Cs C3 Cs Cs O. C7 Cs and are used in connection with gearing placed on the outer ends of the arms and shafts for the purpose of imparting the axial motion to the planets and the desired motion to the satellites which revolve around their primaries.
As the mechanism for imparting the desired motions to the planets will be hereinafter more fully described I will pow.give a brief explanation of the planets and satellites describing their relation to each other and the relation of the whole to the sun.
S represents the sun which rotates on his axis once in about twentyfive (25) days and ten (10) hours.
M represents Mercury which is the planet nearest to the sun and rotates on his axis once in about twentyfour (24) hours and revolves around the sun once in about eightyseven (87) days..
V represents Venus which is the second planet out from the sun. She rotates on her axis once in about twentyfour (24) hours. and revolves around the sun once in about two hundred and twentyfive () days and her axis is inclined to the plane of her orbit at an angle of about seventyfive (75) degrees.
E represents the earth which is the third planet. out from the sun and rotates on its Axis once in about twentyfour (24) hours and revolves around the sun once in about three hundred and sixtyfive () days and its axis is inclined to the plane of its orbit at an angle of about twentythree and onethird (23k) degrees.
m represents the earth's moon which rotates on her axis once in about twentyseven and onethird (27) days and revolves around the earth about thirteen times while the earth is revolving once around the sun. The
TO ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN :
Be it known that I JOHN Dxvxs of the city and county of Allegheny in the State of Pennsylvania have invented a new and useful apparatus for representing the axial motion of the.un and the axial and orbital motion of the eight primary planets and also the various motions of the satellites around their primaries respectively in different periods which apparatus I propose calling "Planetelles" (which signifies planets and satellites) and I do hereby declare that the following is a full clear and exact description thereof reference being had to the accompanying drawings and. to the letters and figures of reference marked thereon.
The nature of my invention consists in representing by the means hereinafter described the axial motion of the sun and the axial and orbital motions of the.. eight primary planets viz Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune and also the various motions of the satellites of the primary planets.
To enable others skilled in the art of constructing philosophical and astronomical instruments and apparatus
to ' 7 use . :.t: T fl . i itnttidi Ihea
s cosrucon an operaton.n t accompnying
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plane of the moon's orbit is at an angle of about five degrees to the plane of the earth's orbit hence the moon in revolving around the earth crosses the plane of the earth's orbit at two points during each revolution which crossing in astronomical language is termed the ascending and descending nodes of the moon which I represent by the inclined and revolving disk or wheelmarked o which is revolved in the inclined guide o' placed on the end of the arm C2 (see figs. 1 and 8.) The moon nt is secured on the upper end of a rod i the lower end of which is secured to the inclined disk or wheel o which is revolved in the guide o' by the wheel marked 1. The rod i is held in the desired position by a guide 3 which is attached to the rod i and slides on the rod x on the upper end of which is pivoted the earth E. By thus arranging the moon in on the inclined disk or wheel o the inclination of the moon's orbit to the plane of the earth's orbit and the retrogression of the moon's nodes are partially represented but having invented a more perfect apparatus for representing the various motions of the moon which apparatus I propose making the subject of another application for Letters Patent I will therefore without further description of the moon in and its planet E proceed to describe the fourth planet out from the sun which is
Mars indicated by M'. He rotates on his axis once in about twentyfour (24) hours and revolves around the sun once in about six hundred and twentyfive () days and his axis is inclined to the plane of his orbit at an angle of twentyseven (27) degrees.
J represents Jupiter which is the fifth planet out from the sun. He rotates on his axis once in about ten (10) hours and revolves around the sun once in about twelve (12) years and his axis is inclined to the plane of his orbit at an angle of about three (3) degrees. Jupiter has four satellites 1 2 3 and 4 which revolve around him in four different periods of time varying from about two (2) to about seventeen (17) days.
S represents Saturn which is the sixth planet out from the sun. He rotates on his axis once in about ten (10) hours and revolves around the sun once in about twentynine and onehalf (29f) years and his axis is inclined to the plane of his orbit at an angle of about twentyeight (28) degrees and around him are rings which revolve nearly in the plane of his equator and revolve around him in about ten (10) hours. Saturn has eight satellites nt e t d r' J' which revolve around him in eight different periods of time varying from one to about seventynine days.
U represents Uranus which.I rotate on his axis. He revolves around the sun once in about eightyfour (84) years and has six satellites o a zy t' 5 6 which revolve around. him from east to west. The period of time required for the satellites of Uranus to make a revolution around him are not definitely known nor is it known whether he does or does not rotate on his axis. The satellites of Uranus are revolved from east to west by placing wheel 2 which revolves the disks which revolve the satellites around him on the inner side from their axis which it will be observed differs from the position of the same wheel 2 used for revolving the disks or wheels which revolve the satellites of the other planets.
N represents Neptune which I also rotate on his axis. He revolves around the sun once in about one hundred and sixtyfour () years and is supposed to have two satellites 1 and 2. It is not known. that Neptune rotates on his axis nor are the periods of time known which are required for his supposed satellites to make a revolution around him.
Having thus described the parts represented in figs. 1 2 and 3 and given the relative motion of the planets around the sun and the various motions of the satellites around their primaries I will now proceed to describe more fully the mechanism which I use for obtaining said motions in my improved planetelles.
In the drawings A represents the case in which is enclosed a large portion of the operatinggear. The sides A' and A2 of the case A serve as bearings or supports for the shafts w wl w2 B and the hollow shafts marked D1 D2 D2 &c. which are concentric with the shaft B which shafts and the relation they bear to each other and to the operatinggear are clearly shown in fig. 4 sheet B and fig. 8 sheet C. One end of the shaft Zug is supported and held in position by the piece marked 21 (see fig. 4 sheet B.) The pieces marked 22 23 and 25 are supports or bearings for the shafts o el and o2 of the endless screws x2 f  &c. The shaft w is provided with a small wheel u which gears into the wheel t on the shaft w' which is also provided with a wheel r which gears into the wheel 13 on shaft w2 on which also are secured permanently the wheels 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 e d and bevelled wheels 4 1 and it. The wheels 5 and 6 are held firm by braces 30.
In tracing out the different wheels and their connection with each other and their relation to the several parts as given in the description which follows it will be necessary to refer back and forward to figs. 4 and 8 of sheets B and C.
The wheel 12 gears into the wheel i on shaft B and the wheel 11 gears into the wheel It on the hollow shaft D2. The wheel 10 gears into the wheel g on the hollow shaft D2. The wheel 9 gears into wheel f on the hollow shaft D'. The wheel 8 gears into wheel e' on the hollow shaft D. The wheel 7 gears into wheel e' on the hollow shaft D12. The wheel 6 gears into a bevelwheel on the shaft o' which is provided with an endless screw x which gears into wheel e' on the hollow shaft D5. The wheel 5 gears i nto wheel er on the hollow shaft D'I. The bevelwheel 4 gears into the wheel 3 on the shaft o2 which is provided with an endless screw e which gears into the wheel e5 on the hollow shaft DE. The wheel c gears into the wheel eº on the hollow shaft D10. The bevelwheel 1 gears into wheel 2 on shaft o' provided with an endless screw f which gears into wheel a' on the hollow shaft D'. The wheel d gears into wheel e2 on the hollow shaft Y. The bevelwheel n.'gears into the wheel sn on shaft o provided with an endless screw 12 which gears into wheel el on the hollow shaft D5. The. hollow arm Cs is secured on the projection near the outer end of the hollow shaft D3. The wheel B5 is secured on the hollow shaft D' near its outer end. The hollow arm C' is secured on the projection 10 near the outer end of the hollow shaft D'. The wheel B' is secured on the hollow shaft D15 near its outer end. The hollow arm C5 is secured on the projection 11 near the outer end of the hollow shaft D'. The wheel B' is secured on the hollow shaft Du near its outer end. The hollow arm C5 is secured on the projection 12 near the outer
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end of the hollow shaft V. The wheel B' is secured on the hollow shaft near its outer end. The hollow arm C4 is secured on the projection 13 near the outer end of the hollow shaft D4. The wheel B' placed on the hollow shaft D' near its outer end and the arm Cs is secured on the projection 14 near the end of the same shaft. The wheel B is placed on the hollow shaft D' near its outerend and the arm 0' is secured on the pro
jection 15 near the end of the same shaft. The wheel P is placed on the hollow shaft near its outer end and the arm C' is secured on the projection 17 near the end of the same shaft. The wheel R is secured on the shaft B near its outer end and the sunS is secured on the outer end of the same shaft.
In the hollow arms are placed shafts y' marked up to ys. These shafts have each a universal joint as indicated at 8 in fig. 7. The inner end of the long part of these shafts is provided with a bearing as shown at 8x in the hollow arm C' of fig. 8 and on these shafts near their inner ends are placed wheels marked 1 2 8 .4 5 6 7 and 8 which gear into the wheels R P B B' B' Bs B4 and B5. The short part of the shaft placed in the hollow arms is held in position by means clearly shown in figs 5 6 and 7 of sheet B. These short parts of the shafts are provided with elongated wheels or rollers (which in fig. 7 is marked 3:) These wheels or rollers are provided with teeth which gear into teeth on the under side of the disks marked 1 2 3 and 4 shown in figs. 5 6 and 7.
The rods 5 6 7 and 8 f supporting the satellites are secured to the upper side of the disks 1 23 and 4 and the motion of the wheel 3 (see fig. 7) will cause the disks to revolve and the revolving of the disks will cause the satellites to revolve around their primary. The disks shown in figs. 5 6 and 7 are held to the part marked 28 by mean ofsetscrews and o' which are screwed into the part 28 which part is connected to the sleeve z which is placed on the hollow arm C' and c and there secured by any known means. The short shaft y4 (see fig. 7) is provided with a small wheel 1 which gears into the wheel marked 2 which is secured on the lowerend of the hollow shaft 4 placed over the spindle marked x. The wheel 2 and its hollow shaft 4 are held in position on the spindle x by means of a. pin or by passing through it at the end of the hollow shaft 4. The lower end ofthe rod or tube which supports the planet is fitted over the hollow shaft 4 of the wheel 2 so that the revolving of the wheel 2 end its shaft 4 will cause the planet to rotate on its axis. The device represented in figs. 6 6 and 7 is substantially the means used at the outer ends of the hollow arms for imparting the axial motion to the planets and the orbital motions to the satellites.
As the skillful mechanic from the foregoing description and by reference to the accompanying drawings will readily understand the construction and arrangement of the several parts of my improved planetelles and the relation that the several parts bear to each other therefore without further description of its construction I will .proceed to describe briefly the operation of my improved planetelles which is as follows:
By turning the crank Ic which will revolve the shaft w and wheel u which will revolve wheels t and r and shaft tut and the wheel r which gears into the wheel 13 will revolve the shaft w? and all the wheels on it thereby revolving the endless screws x' f c and u and these endless screws and wheels being geared into the wheels on the part of the hollow shafts and shaft B within case A will cause said shafts to revolve thereby rotating the sun on his axis and revolve the hollow arms and wheels P R B B' B' Bs B' Bs which wheels gear into and revolve the wheels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 and 8 on the shafts in the hollow arms and the revolving of these shafts will operate the mechanism at the outer ends of the hollow arms and thereby impart. the axial motions to the planets and the orbital motion to the satellites.
It will be observed that by means of the mechanism hereinbefore described I represent the axial motion of the sun the axial and orbital motions of the eight primaryplarets and also the variousmotions of the satellites around their Fisheries and that by pivoting the planets to the rods which support them I am enabled to represent the inclination of the axis of the planets to the plane of their orbits and that by the use of an inclined revolving disk rim or wheel I am enabled to represent the ascending and descending nodes of the moon.
Now I wish it clearly understood that I am aware that the axial motion of the sun and orbital motion of the planets have been represented through the medium of a series of hollow concentric shafts operated by suitable gearing therefore I do not claim broadly the use of a series of hollow concentric shafts in combination with gearing for the purpose of representing the axial motion of the sun and orbital motion of the planets but
What I do claim as of my invention and desire to secure by Letters Patent is
1 Representing the axial motion of the planets and the orbital motions of the satellites by imparting motion to gearing placed on the outer ends of arms radiating from a series of concentric shafts said gearing consisting of wheels 1 and 2 and a series of concentric disks 1 2 3 and 4 rotated by a single pinion 3 constructed and arranged substantially as described..
2. Pivoting the earth E at one pole so that by its own weight or gravity its axis will be constantly inclined at the desired angle to the plane of its orbit substantially as herein described and for the purpose set forth. JOHN DAVIS.
Witnesses :
A. C. JoRrrsroi JAMES J: JOHNSTON