tronomical Apparatus of which the following is a specification reference being had to the accompanying drawings.
My invention relates to an improved astronomical apparatus which is fully described and illustrated in the following specification and the accompanying drawingsthe novel features thereof being specified in the claims annexed to the said specification.
15 In the accompanying drawings representing my improved astronomical apparatusFigure 1 is a side elevation. Fig. 2 is a plan view. Fig. 3 is an end elevation representing the apparatus in position at right angles with
20 Figs. 1 and 2. Figs. 4 and 5 represent the hinge  joint in the post of the sunsphere. Fig. 6 is an elevation showing the parts in the position they occupy when the earthglobe has made half a revolution around the sunsphere
25 from the position shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 7 represents the dayandnight circle and the wires representing the sunrays detached. Fig. 8 shows the atmospherecircle and the wires representing the lightrays detached.
30 The object of my invention is to produce an apparatus to illustrate the laws regulating the change of the seasons and to point out clearly the climatic circles and the reasons for their situations. P>y my apparatus I am also enabled to show the change in the obliquity of the sun's rays at different seasons the different effect of such obliquity on the intensity of the sun's heat and the difference in the length of the day and the night. For these purposes my improved astronomical apparatus consists essentially of a suitable base preferably circular an inclined post inserted in the base at an angle of twentythree and onehalf degrees a sunsphere supported on the post and a globe representing the earth supported on a similarlyinclined axis and arranged to maintain such inclination during its revolution about the sunsphere while carried by two parallel pivoted bars.
5o A represents the base of any suitable ma
terial circular in Shape and provided with the circumferential groove N.
B is an inclined post projecting upward from the base near its center at an angle of twentythree and onehalf degrees. The post is firmly secured in the base so that it does not revolve.
C is the sunsphere which is preferably removably supported on the top of the post:
D is a globe representing the earth located 6o at any suitable distance from the sunsphere and supported by an inclined shaft or axis I so as to revolve therewith. The axis I is parallel to the post B and remains so during its revolution around the sunsphere. An arm 65 II carries suitable journals L in which the axis I revolves.
E is a central socket or sleeve which revolves freely on the post B.
F and G are two parallel bars pivoted at their inner ends to the sleeve E and at their outer ends to the arm II which carries the axis of the globe. The inner pivots are shown at J J' Fig. 1 as passing through the sleeve at one side of the post but they are preferably so placed on the sleeve E that their central lines will be in the same plane as the central line of axis B. The outer pivots are shown at J2 J3. These joints are made in any suitable way as by the bolts shown. 8o M is a guide attached to one of the bars and
engaging in the groove N so that the bars while revolving about the sun  sphere are caused to move in planes parallel with the base. Under these circumstances the axis I 85 will remain always parallel with the post while . revolving around it and the axis of the globe will be all the time inclined to the plane of revolution at the proper angle. When the earthglobe is revolved about the sunsphere 90 the arms F G turn slightly on their pivots J J' J2 J3 and the axis I of the globe is always kept parallel to the post in whatever direction the arms may project outward from the post. The axis I and the sphere D are caused to rotate while traveling about the sunsphere by the cord A' and pulley K on the lower end of the axis. The cord A' runs around the pulley K being preferably crossed as shown
and also around the base in the groove N zoo
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which is made eccentric with the circumference of the base as indicated by the dotted circle in Fig. 2 for the following reasons: In the construction shown in the accompanying drawings the foot of the fixed post is not intended to be exactly in the center of the circular base but a point in the center line of the post in the same plane with the lower pivot J' is located perpendicularly over the to center of said base in order that the motion
of the bar G and the guide M nay be concen
tric with the base. Then in order to equalize
the tension of the cord or belt A' during revo
lution the groove N is made eccentric with 15 the base but with its center at the intersec
tion of the axis of the inclined post B with
the plane of the groove and consequently
concentric with the path described by the pul
ley K. The groove may be made concentric 20 with the base when an elastic band is used
or better by locating the pulley K at a level
with the pivots J' J3 allowing the cord to
slant upward from the groove to meet it when
the motion of said pulley will become concen25 trio with the circular base. An elastic cord
in a groove of uniform depth may be employed.
B' is a guide for the cord attached to the
lower end of the arm II. The guide is notched
or perforated for the cord and it may form a 30 support for the lower end of the axis I.
The guide M is arranged to slide lengthwise of the bar G so that it can be shifted outward and disengaged from the groove N to permit the apparatus to be readily disconnected. 0 is a stem which carries the guide M and which is arranged to slide in lugs on the bar.
The yoke P on the upper end of the arm II
carries the circle of illumination Q which in
40 dicates the division between day and night. The yoke P is bent so as to avoid contact with the axis I. The circle Q which may be made of any suitable material is located at any convenient distance outside of the globe
45 and it is supported in place by the pivots R R' which project outward and engage in notches in the upper ends of the yoke.
The wires S S' S2 indicate the lightrays. At
their outer ends the rays S S' are supported
5o by the circle Q and the central wire S2 is sup
ported by the crosswire W. The upper wire
S is connected at Y Fig. 2 to the wires or
forks Z Z' which pass the axis I on opposite
sides and are connected with the circle Q. A
similar arrangement is adopted for the wire
S'. The forks are made long enough to per
mit the axis I of the earthglobe to tip back
and forth twentythree and onehalf degrees
or more in them. The inner ends of the wires
6o representing the rays of light are supported
by the inclined arm T which is pivoted to the
parallel bars F and G at U and U' so as to be
always parallel to sleeve E and axis I and is
also pivoted to the central wire S2 at V. This
65 wire S2 represents the rays of light which
strike the surface of the earth vertically. The
inner ends of the wires.S S' S2 are connected by the curved wire X. When the globe has been swung halfway around the sunsphere the bars and wires occupy the positions F' G' X' S3 S4 S5 Figs. 1 and 7. If the sunsphere is properly mounted with its equator at an angle of seven and onefourth degrees with the base the wire X' will be nearer the sunsphere when on this side of it this representing the variation of the distance of the earth from the sun. The wire S2 points alternately
to the tropical circles and the equator. The wires S and S' represent respectively the northernmost and southernmost tangential 8o rays. S touches earth at pole at equinoctial seasons arctic circle beyond the pole at summer solstice and arctic circle short of pole at winter solstice. S' works similarly about the south pole. The equator polar circles and 85 any other desired lines are plainly marked on the earthglobe.
C' C2 are additional wires representing lightrays which are connected with the circle F2 which represents the depth of the earth's atmosphere. The wires C' C2 are connected together at their inner ends by the crosswire E' and they are applied to the circle Q and the wires S S2 by suitable hooks II' II2 IF. The wires S C' and S2 C2 show two parallel beams of light of equal width for the purpose of indicating the difference in intensity due to the greater spreading and.
greater atmospheric absorption in the case of
the outer beam on account of its obliquity. too Other rays or beams may be placed conveniently between S and S' to show the direction or intensity of light at any latitude or for other purposes. In the post just opposite to the pivot J' is a hingejoint 0' allowing the  part of the post above the hinge to be turned at any desired angle with the base or perpendicular to it. This arrangement adapts the apparatus for showing seasonal conditions for planets having different degrees of obliquity Ito of axis—such as Jupiter for instance also that the condition of planetary axis perpendicular to the plane of the orbit would give no seasonal variations. The screw in the joint clamps the post at any desired inclination  the sleeve being cut away as indicated in Fig. 4 to permit adjustment. I may also apply a wire I' Fig. 1 which will indicate the direction of the lightrays striking the earth at any desired latitudesay forty degrees north—at  different seasons of the year. For this pur' pose the arm T' parallel to T is employed and wire I' is pivoted to arms L' L2 arranged parallel to the radius of the earth at the desired latitude. The arm rl„ is pivoted to the  bars F and G. The arms L' L2 are carried by the arms T T'. Another wire maybe supported parallel to and constantly equidistant from I' which with I' will represent a beam of light to show the variation of the surface cov  ered by this beam at different seasons.
Any suitable astronomical information may
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be printed or otherwise affixed to the base. It may be provided with circles showing the signs of the zodiac the months of year &c. the positions of the solstices the equinoxes

the revolution of the earth about the sun that of its rotation on its axis and any other desired astronomical facts or data may be displayed on the base.
to The socket or sleeve E which revolves on the fixed post B may be of any suitable form or construction adapted to support the pivoted parallel bars during their traverse about the post. In a modification the bearings L
15 may be. pivoted directly in the bars being made long enough to properly support the shaft or axis of the earthglobe.
I claim
1. The combination with the circular 20 grooved base of the inclined post inserted
therein the sunsphere supported on said
base the sleeve revolving on the inclined
post the parallel bars pivoted to the sleeve
the outer inclined arm pivoted to the bars 25 the earthglobe supported on an axis carried
by the arm parallel to the post and a guide
for one of the bars traveling in the groove
around the base substantially as described.
2. The combination with the circular 30 grooved base of the inclined post inserted
therein the sunsphere supported on said
base the sleeve revolving on the inclined
post the parallel bars pivoted to the sleeve the outer inclined arms pivoted to the bars the earthglobe supported on an axis carried by the arm parallel to the post the guide for one of the bars traveling in the groove around the base and the pulley and cord adapted to secure the rotation of the globe on its axis substantially as described.
3. The combination with the circular eccentricallygrooved base of the inclined post inserted therein the sunsphere supported on said base the sleeve revolving on the inclined post the parallel bars pivoted to the sleeve the outer inclined arm pivoted to the bars the earthglobe supported on an axis carried by the arm parallel to the post the guide for one of the bars traveling in the groove around 5o the base and the pulley and cord adapted to
secure the rotation of the globe on its axis
substantially as described.
4. The combination with the circular grooved base of the inclined post inserted
55 therein the sunsphere supported on said base the sleeve revolving on the inclined post the parallel bars pivoted to the sleeve the outer inclined arm pivoted to the bars the earthglobe supported on an axis carried
6o by the arm parallel to the post the guide for one of the bars traveling in the groove around the base the lightindicating wire extending between the sphere and the globe and the wiresupporting arm pivoted to the bars par
65 allel to the post substantially as described.
5. The combination with the circulargrooved base of the inclined post inserted therein the sunsphere supported on said base the sleeve revolving on the post the parallel bars pivoted to the sleeve the outer 70 inclined arm pivoted to the bars the earthglobe supported on an axis carried by the arm parallel to the post the guide for one of the bars traveling in the groove and the latitude  indicating wire supported by parallel arms pivoted to the bars substantially as described.
6. The combination with the circular grooved base of the inclined post inserted therein the sun  sphere supported on said 8o base the sleeve revolving on the post the parallel bars pivoted to the sleeve the outer inclined arm pivoted to the bars the earthglobe supported on an axis carried by the arm parallel to the post the guide for one of 85 the bars traveling in the groove the central wire and the latitudeindicating wire supported by parallel arms pivoted to the bars and to the central wire substantially as described.
7. The combination with the circular grooved base of the post inserted therein the joint in the post the sunsphere supported on said base the sleeve revolving on the post the parallel bars pivoted to the sleeve the outer arm pivoted to the bars the earthglobe supported on an axis carried by the arm parallel to the post and a guide for one of the bars traveling in the groove around the base the said joint being located opposite one of too the bars whereby the inclination of the apparatus may be varied substantially as described.
8. The combination with a suitable base of the inclined post inserted therein and adapt  ed to support the sunsphere the revolving sleeve on the post the parallel bars pivoted to the sleeve the inclined axis carried by the outer ends of the bars parallel with the post and adapted to support the earthglobe and i to to convey it in a circular orbit about the post with its axis parallel thereto and the sunray wires supported at their outer ends in fixed relations with the center of the globe and at their inner ends by an arm pivoted to  the parallel bars as and for the purposes set forth.
9. The combination with a suitable base of the inclined post inserted therein and adapted to support the sunsphere the revolving  sleeve on the post the parallel bars pivoted to the sleeve the inclined axis carried by the outer ends of the bars parallel with the post and adapted to support the earthglobe and to convey it in a circular orbit about the post  with its axis parallel theretothe sunray wires supported at their inner ends by an arm pivoted to the bars and the illuminationcircle surrounding the globe and carrying the outer ends of the sunray wires as and for the put. 13o poses set forth.
10. The combination with a suitable base of
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the post provided with a movable joint inserted therein and adapted to support the sunsphere the revolving sleeve on the post above the joint the parallel bars pivoted to the sleeve the axis carried by the outer ends of the bars parallel with the post and adapted to support the earthglobe whereby the post
and axis may be adjusted at any angle with the base while maintaining their parallelism as and for the purposes set forth.
GEORGE S. GARDNER. Witnesses:
GEO. B. SELDEN
GEO. WILSON.
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